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Âå¿ô³ØIIIÍ×Ìó No.11

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% latex2html id marker 1049
$ \alpha=\sqrt{3}+2 \sqrt{5}$ , % latex2html id marker 1051
$ \beta=\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{5}$ ¤È¤ª¤¯¤È¤­¡¢ $ c\in$   $ \mbox{${\mathbb{Q}}$}$ , % latex2html id marker 1056
$ c\neq -1,2$ ¤Ê¤é¤Ð

   $\displaystyle \mbox{${\mathbb{Q}}$}$$\displaystyle (\alpha+c\beta)=$$\displaystyle \mbox{${\mathbb{Q}}$}$% latex2html id marker 1061
$\displaystyle (\sqrt{3},\sqrt{5}).
$

[¾ÚÌÀ] ¼¡¤Î¥¹¥Æ¥Ã¥×¤Ç¾ÚÌÀ¤¹¤ë¡£

  1. $ [$$ \mbox{${\mathbb{Q}}$}$% latex2html id marker 1065
$ (\sqrt{3}):$   $ \mbox{${\mathbb{Q}}$}$$ ]=2. $
  2. % latex2html id marker 1069
$ \sqrt{5}\notin$   $ \mbox{${\mathbb{Q}}$}$% latex2html id marker 1071
$ (\sqrt{3})$
  3. $ [$$ \mbox{${\mathbb{Q}}$}$% latex2html id marker 1075
$ (\sqrt{3},\sqrt{5}):$   $ \mbox{${\mathbb{Q}}$}$% latex2html id marker 1077
$ (\sqrt{3})]=2$ .
  4. $ L=$$ \mbox{${\mathbb{Q}}$}$% latex2html id marker 1081
$ (\sqrt{3},\sqrt{5})$ ¤Ï $ \mbox{${\mathbb{Q}}$}$ ¤Î¥¬¥í¥¢³ÈÂç¤Ç¤¢¤Ã¤Æ¡¢ ¤½¤Î³ÈÂ缡¿ô¤Ï $ 4$ .
  5. $ \operatorname{Gal}(L/$$ \mbox{${\mathbb{Q}}$}$$ )$ ¤Î¸µ $ \sigma$ ¤Ï % latex2html id marker 1093
$ \sqrt{3}$ ¤Î¹Ô¤­Àè % latex2html id marker 1095
$ \sigma(\sqrt{3})$ ( % latex2html id marker 1097
$ \sqrt{3},-\sqrt{3}$ ¤ÎÆóÄ̤ꡣ) ¤È % latex2html id marker 1099
$ \sqrt{5}$ ¤Î¹Ô¤­Àè % latex2html id marker 1101
$ \sigma(\sqrt{5})$ ( % latex2html id marker 1103
$ \sqrt{5},-\sqrt{5}$ ¤ÎÆóÄ̤ê) ¤Ë¤è¤êÄê¤Þ¤ë¡£¤·¤«¤â¡¢¤½¤ì¤é ( $ 2 \times 2=$ ) 4Ä̤ê¤ÎÁȤ߹ç¤ï¤»¤Ï ¤¹¤Ù¤Æ¥¬¥í¥¢·²¤Î¸µ ¤È¤·¤Æ¸½¤ì¤ë¡£
  6. $ \mbox{${\mathbb{Q}}$}$% latex2html id marker 1108
$ (\sqrt{3},\sqrt{5})$ ¤Î $ \mbox{${\mathbb{Q}}$}$ ¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¶õ´Ö¤È¤·¤Æ¤Î´ðÄì¤È¤·¤Æ % latex2html id marker 1112
$ \{1,\sqrt{3},\sqrt{5},\sqrt{15}\}$ ¤ò¼è¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤ë¡£
  7. % latex2html id marker 1114
$ c\neq -1,2$ ¤Ê¤é¡¢ ¥¬¥í¥¢·² $ \operatorname{Gal}(L/$$ \mbox{${\mathbb{Q}}$}$$ )$ ¤Î¸µ¤Ç¡¢ $ \alpha+c \beta $ ¤òÆ°¤«¤µ¤Ê¤¤¤â¤Î¤Ï¡¢ ¥¬¥í¥¢·²¤Îñ°Ì¸µ(¹±Åù¼ÌÁü)¤Ë¸Â¤ë¡£

¾å¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¢ ¥¬¥í¥¢ÍýÏÀ¤òÃΤ俾å¤Ç¤Ê¤é¡¢¼¡¤ÎÊäÂê¤ÎÆâÍƤ¬Ê¬¤«¤ê¤ä¤¹¤¯¤Ê¤ë¡£ (¤³¤ÎÊäÂ꼫ÂΤϡ¢¥¬¥í¥¢ÍýÏÀ¤Î¹½ÃÛ¤½¤Î¤â¤Î¤ËɬÍפǤ¢¤Ã¤¿¤Î¤Ç¡¢ ¥¬¥í¥¢¤Î´ðËÜÄêÍý(¥¬¥í¥¢Âбþ)¤òÍѤ¤¤º¤Ë¾ÚÌÀ¤¹¤ëɬÍפ¬¤¢¤Ã¤¿¡£)

補題 11.1 (ÊäÂê6.8ºÆ·Ç)   $ K$ ¤Ï̵¸Â¸Ä¤Î¸µ¤ò»ý¤ÄÂΤȤ¹¤ë¡£ $ K$ ¾å¤ÎÂå¿ôŪ¤Ê¸µ $ \alpha,\beta$ ¤¬¡¢¤È¤â¤Ë $ K$ ¾åʬΥŪ¤Ê¤é¤Ð

$\displaystyle K(\alpha,\beta)=K(\alpha+c \beta)
$

¤ò¤ß¤¿¤¹ $ c\in K$ ¤¬¾¯¤Ê¤¯¤È¤â¤Ò¤È¤Ä¸ºß¤¹¤ë¡£

Æó½Åº¬¹æ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡£

¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤ÊÅù¼°¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£

% latex2html id marker 1139
$\displaystyle \sqrt{3+\sqrt{5}}=
\frac{\sqrt{12+2\...
...0}}}{2}
=\frac{\sqrt{(\sqrt{10}+\sqrt{2})^2}}{2}
=\frac{\sqrt{10}+\sqrt{2}}{2}
$

¤Ä¤Þ¤ê¡¢ % latex2html id marker 1141
$ \sqrt{3+\sqrt{5}}$ ¤Ï¡¡±¦ÊդΤ褦¤Ë´Êñ²½¤Ç¤­¤ë¡£ ¤³¤ì¤òÆó½Åº¬¹æ¤ò¤Ï¤º¤¹¤È¤¤¤¦¡£ ƱÍͤˡ¢¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤ÊÅù¼°¤¬À®¤êΩ¤Ä¤³¤È¤¬¤ï¤«¤ë¡£

% latex2html id marker 1143
$\displaystyle \sqrt{7-2\sqrt{6}}=\sqrt{6}-1,\quad
\sqrt{3+\sqrt{2}}=\sqrt{6}-1,\quad
$

°ìÊý¤Ç¡¢ % latex2html id marker 1145
$ \sqrt{3+ \sqrt{7}}$ ¤Ï¾å¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ï´Êñ¤Ë¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¡£ ¤³¤ì¤Ï¡¢¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤ËÀâÌÀ¤Ç¤­¤ë¡£

  1. $ \mbox{${\mathbb{Q}}$}$ ¤Î¥¬¥í¥¢³ÈÂç $ L$ ¤Ç¡¢ % latex2html id marker 1151
$ \alpha=\sqrt{3+\sqrt{7}}$ ¤ò ¸µ¤È¤·¤Æ´Þ¤à¤â¤Î¤Ï¡¢ % latex2html id marker 1153
$ \sqrt{3-\sqrt{7}})$ ¤â¸µ¤È¤·¤Æ´Þ¤à¡£
  2. $ L=$$ \mbox{${\mathbb{Q}}$}$% latex2html id marker 1157
$ (\sqrt{3+\sqrt{7}},\sqrt{3-\sqrt{7}})$ .
  3. $ L \supset$   $ \mbox{${\mathbb{Q}}$}$% latex2html id marker 1161
$ (\sqrt{7},\sqrt{2})$ .
  4. $ [L:$   $ \mbox{${\mathbb{Q}}$}$% latex2html id marker 1165
$ (\sqrt{7},\sqrt{2})]=2$ .
  5. ¤â¤·¡¢$ \alpha$ ¤¬Í­Íý¿ô $ x,y$ ¤Ç¤â¤Ã¤Æ % latex2html id marker 1171
$ \sqrt{x},\sqrt{y}$ ¤ÎÍ­Íý·¸¿ô¤ÎÍ­Íý¼°¤È¤·¤Æ¤«¤±¤ë¤Ê¤é¡¢ $ L=$$ \mbox{${\mathbb{Q}}$}$% latex2html id marker 1175
$ (\sqrt{x},\sqrt{y})$ ¤È ¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¡¢¾å¤Î»ö¼Â¤ÈÌ·½â¤¹¤ë¡£

[¥¬¥í¥¢Âбþ¤Î¾ÚÌÀ]

ÂÎ $ K$ ¤Î¥¬¥í¥¢³ÈÂç $ L$ ¤¬Í¿¤¨¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È¤¹¤ë¡£ $ G=\operatorname{Gal}(L/K)$ ¤ÎÉôʬ·² $ H$ ¤ËÂФ·¤Æ¡¢

$\displaystyle \mathcal F(H) = \{ x \in L; g.x = x (\forall g \in H)\}
$

¤ÈÄêµÁ¤¹¤ë¡£$ L$ ¤È $ K$ ¤ÎÃæ´ÖÂÎ $ M$ ¤ËÂФ·¤Æ¡¢

$\displaystyle \mathcal G(M)=\{ g \in G; g.x=x (\forall x \in M)\}
$

¤ÈÄêµÁ¤¹¤ë¡£¤³¤Î»þ¡¢¼¡¤Î¤³¤È¤¬À®¤êΩ¤Ä¡£(ñĴ¸º¾¯À­)
  1. $ G$ ¤ÎǤ°Õ¤ÎÉôʬ·² $ H_1,H_2$ ¤ËÂФ·¤Æ¡¢

    $\displaystyle H_1\subset H_2 \implies \mathcal F (H_1)\supset \mathcal F(H_2).
$

  2. $ L/K$ ¤ÎǤ°Õ¤ÎÃæ´ÖÂÎ $ M_1,M_2$ ¤ËÂФ·¤Æ¡¢

    $\displaystyle M_1\subset M_2 \implies \mathcal G (M_1)\supset \mathcal G(M_2).
$

  3. $ G$ ¤ÎǤ°Õ¤ÎÉôʬ·² $ H$ ¤Ë¤¿¤¤¤·¤Æ¡¢

    $\displaystyle \mathcal G (\mathcal F(H)) \supset H.
$

  4. $ L/K$ ¤ÎǤ°Õ¤ÎÃæ´ÖÂÎ $ M$ ¤ËÂФ·¤Æ¡¢

    $\displaystyle \mathcal F(\mathcal G(M))\supset M.
$

¼Â¤Ï¡¢¾å¤Î (1)-(4) ¤«¤é¡¢Á´¤¯·Á¼°Åª¤Ê·×»»¤Ç¼¡¤Î¤³¤È¤¬À®¤êΩ¤Ä¤³¤È¤¬¤ï¤«¤ë¡£

("3²ó=1²ó")

  1. $ G$ ¤ÎǤ°Õ¤ÎÉôʬ·² $ H$ ¤Ë¤¿¤¤¤·¤Æ¡¢

    $\displaystyle \mathcal F (\mathcal G (\mathcal F(H))) =\mathcal F(H).
$

  2. $ L/K$ ¤ÎǤ°Õ¤ÎÃæ´ÖÂÎ $ M$ ¤ËÂФ·¤Æ¡¢

    $\displaystyle \mathcal G (\mathcal F(\mathcal G(M)))=\mathcal G(M).
$

¥¬¥í¥¢ÍýÏÀ¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¤µ¤é¤Ë¼¡¤Î¤³¤È¤¬Ê¬¤«¤ë¡£(¶¹µÁñĴ¸º¾¯À­)

  1. $ G$ ¤ÎǤ°Õ¤ÎÉôʬ·² $ H_1,H_2$ ¤ËÂФ·¤Æ¡¢

    $\displaystyle H_1\subset H_2, \mathcal F(H_1)= \mathcal F(H_2) \implies H_1=H_2
$

    (ÊäÂê9.4¤Ë¤è¤ë¡£)
  2. $ L/K$ ¤ÎǤ°Õ¤ÎÃæ´ÖÂÎ $ M_1,M_2$ ¤ËÂФ·¤Æ¡¢

    $\displaystyle M_1\subset M_2 , \mathcal G (M_1)=\mathcal G(M_2) \implies M_1 = M_2.
$

    (Ì¿Âê8.4¤Ë¤è¤ë¡£)

¤³¤Î¤³¤È¤«¤é¡¢ºÇ¸å¤Ë¼¡¤Î¤³¤È¤¬Ê¬¤«¤ë¡£

("2²ó=0²ó")

  1. $ G$ ¤ÎǤ°Õ¤ÎÉôʬ·² $ H$ ¤Ë¤¿¤¤¤·¤Æ¡¢

    $\displaystyle \mathcal G (\mathcal F(H)) = H.
$

  2. $ L/K$ ¤ÎǤ°Õ¤ÎÃæ´ÖÂÎ $ M$ ¤ËÂФ·¤Æ¡¢

    $\displaystyle \mathcal F(\mathcal G(M))=M.
$


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2016-01-24